Deutschlandbilder. Kunst aus einem geteilten Land
Images of Germany: Art from a Divided Country
Martin-Gropius-BauBerlinGermany
07 September 1997 - 11 January 1998
The painting Hanged depicts Gudrun Ensslin, a leading member of the Red Army Faction (RAF), that hanged herself on the bars of her cell in the prison Stuttgart-Stammheim. Gerhard Richter references a photograph that policemen took after discovering the body in the morning of 18th October 1977. The original is kept in the archives of the public prosecution department in Stuttgart[1].
Framed by a dark blanket that hangs on the left of the door to Ensslin’s cell and the white wall on the right side the centre of the image reveals a dark body that is set apart from the bright light emanating from the window. The legs can’t be distinguished well in the grey streaks, the body seams to float in the air. The painting appears heavily blurred compared to the original photograph but the brush strokes are less discernible in this work than in others, creating a balanced play of grey tones. Contrary to the paintings of the other dead terrorists (Man Shot Down 1 and 2 [CR: 669/1-2] and Dead 1 to 3 [CR: 667/1-3]), Richter does not use any jet-black colour in Hanged and the contrasts are less elaborate[2], reinforcing the overall haziness of the painting[3]. By using different levels of brightness like the dark fog at bottom left, the paintings balance is thrown off centre and a dramatic atmosphere is created. At the same time the chiaroscuro subtly steers the gaze of the viewer in a certain direction[4]. The blurring seems to gyrate around the centre of the image and thus focus the viewer’s gaze on the dead body. Compared to the photograph, the arms, shoulders and torso of Gudrun Ensslin face away from the window so her body is put on a level with someone hanged at the gallows[5]. The heavy amount of blurring brings to mind the edited photographs that can be found in Richter’s Atlas [Sheets: 470-479] already outlining his intentions for the cycle.
While working on October 18, 1977 Richter originally painted two versions of Hanged[6]. The second version was executed with stronger contrasts and appeared to be less blurred, pointing to a concept similar to the series depicting the dead Meinhof and Baader[7]. Before exhibiting the cycle for the first time Richter separated this painting from the others and painted over it, creating Blanket [CR: 680-3]. The title alludes to the blanket that is visible in both paintings. It was draped over Ensslin’s dead body when the police officers found her and was put to the site before taking the photo. Despite the overpainting parts of the blanket can still be seen in the upper left corner[8]. It also hinders the gaze of the viewer from falling directly on the dead body and thus operates against the implicit voyeurism which is emphasized by blurring all the details. The apparitional body seems to float in the room[9]. Just as in other paintings of the cycle Richter refuses to give in to the sensationalism lit by the media and returns to a more objective viewing of the RAF terrorists that is mainly characterised by sadness[10]. It almost seems as if Richter is trying to detract the image from the viewer completely by painting over the second version.
[1] Robert Storr (ed.), Gerhard Richter. October 18, 1977, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 2000, p. 149.
[2] Ortrud Westheider, “Eine Idee, die bis zum Tod geht. Der Zyklus 18. Oktober 1977” in: Uwe M. Schneede (ed.), Gerhard Richter. Bilder einer Epoche, exh. cat. Bucerius Kunst-Forum, Munich, 2011, p. 160.
[3] Cf. Uwe M. Schneede (ed.): Gerhard Richter. Bilder einer Epoche, exh. cat. Bucerius Kunst-Forum, Munich, 2011, p. 156.
[4] Martin Henatsch, Gerhard Richter – 18. Oktober 1977. Das verwischte Bild der Geschichte, Fischer, Frankfurt, 1998, p. 80.
[5] Storr 2000, pp. 108-109.
[6] Robert Storr talks of three versions of the painting but apparently refers to the translation of Richter’s notes for the press conference at Haus Esters in 1988 where it says: „Three times Ensslin, hanged… “ (Notes for a press conference November-December (held at Museum Haus Esters, Krefeld, February 1989), 1988 (translated by David Britt) in: Gerhard Richter. Text. Writings, Interviews and Letters 1961-2007. Thames & Hudson, London, 2009, p. 203.) The German edition of the text however (Cf. Notizen November (für die Pressekonferenz Februar 1989 – Museum Haus Esters, Krefeld), 1988 in: Gerhard Richter. Text 1961 bis 2007. Schriften, Interviews, Briefe, Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, Köln, 2008, p. 206.) only mentions two versions. As this is the original version of the text and Storr does not seem to have encountered a third painting (that is not mentioned in the Catalogue Raisonné as well) this text assumes there are only two versions.
[7] Another version can be seen on a photograph taken by Timm Rautert in Gerhard Richter’s studio. Cf. Schneede 2011, p. 156.
[8] Westheider 2011, p. 160.
[9] Ibid. 2011, p. 160.
[10] Achim Borchardt-Hume, “’Dreh Dich nicht um’ – Richters Bilder aus den späten 1980er-Jahren“ in: Mark Godfrey, Nicholas Serota, Dorothée Brill, Camille Morineau (ed.), Gerhard Richter. Panorama, exh. cat. Neue Nationalgalerie Berlin, Munich, 2012, pp. 167-168.
Notes prepared by editorial team
The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)
This artwork is based on an image included in Atlas:
This artwork was shown in the following exhibitions::
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In
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Reprinted in 'Presseberichte zu Gerhard Richter '18. Oktober 1977''.
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2nd ed.
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With text contribution by Helmut Friedel.
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This catalogue raisonné of Gerhard Richter's drawings encompasses works in pencil, India ink, ballpoint pen, and other drawing media, on both paper and canvas since 1964. This comprehensive survey presents more than 400 drawings, each with descriptive captions and background text, as well as essays by Dieter Schwarz and Birgit Pelzer that investigate this crucial component of one of the 20th century's most celebrated painters.
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Contributions by Ortrud Westheider, Uwe M. Schneede, Dietmar Elger, Hubertus Butin and Dietmar Rübel.
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The catalogue Gerhard Richter. Pictures / Series accompanies Gerhard Richter’s exhibition at the Fondation Beyeler. The show is curated by Hans Ulrich Obrist, a longstanding friend of Richter, and looks back at 60 years of the artist’s work. The exhibition focuses on work he created since the 1960s; namely, series, cycles and interior spaces. According to Obrist, too little attention has been devoted to this specific section of his oeuvre to date. Works exhibited in groups are juxtaposed with single pieces, which act as both counterpoints characteristic of Richter’s style, yet simultaneously illuminate the similarities between the different bodies of work.
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An additional German translation of Robert Storr's essay accompanies this publication published on the occasion of an exhibition "Gerhard Richter. October 18, 1977" at the Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Exhibitions
On October 18, 1977, three young German radicals, members of the militant Baader-Meinhof group, were found dead in a Stuttgart prison; they were pronounced suicides, but many people suspected they had been murdered. Gerhard Richter, a German painter, and one of the most exceptional and highly regarded artists of the second half of the 20th century, created, 11 years after this traumatic event, a series of 15 paintings known as October 18, 1977. It is among the most challenging works of the artist's career, and one of the 20th century's most famous works on a political theme, still highly debated and unsettling to this day.
Accompanied by an extensive and sensitive group of texts by Robert Storr, who recently curated the Richter retrospective at The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
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With a preface by Götz Adriani and text contributions by Dieter Schwarz.
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- Gerhard Richter. Sinopsis, Espacio Contemporáneo de Arte (ECA), 2009
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopsis, Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes Dr. Genaro Pérez, 2009
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopsis, Centro Cultural José Amadeo Conte Grand, 2009
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopsis, Centro Cultural Parque de Espana, 2009
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- Gerhard Richter. Sinopsis, Museo Nacional de Artes Visuales, 2010
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopsis, Museo Nacional de Arte Decorativo, 2010
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopse, Casa Andrade Muricy, 2010
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopse, Caixa Cultural Salvador, 2011
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopse, Caixa Cultural Brasilia, 2011
- Gerhard Richter: Sinopsis, Centro de las Artes, 2013
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopsis, Museo de la Ciudad, 2012
- Gerhard Richter: Sinopse, Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo, 2011
The catalogue Gerhard Richter. Survey accompanies the eponymous exhibition of the German Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen (IfA), which has been composed by Gerhard Richter himself.
The exhibition has been touring different countries for several years and presents Richter's œuvre abroad. The 27 selected works offer an insight into nearly every creative phase of the artist. The exhibition does not claim to show Richter's work comprehensively, the title rather refers to the exhibited piece of work Overview [Editions CR: 93] of 1998.
With a preface by Götz Adriani and text contributions by Dieter Schwarz.
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- Time Present: Photography from the Deutsche Bank Collection, Hara Museum of Contemporary Art, 2015
- Time Present: Photography from the Deutsche Bank Collection, National Gallery of Modern Art, Sir Cowasji Jahangir Public Hall, 2015
- Time Present: Contemporary Photography from the Deutsche Bank Collection, Singapore Art Museum, 2014
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- Time Present: Photography from the Deutsche Bank Collection, Hara Museum of Contemporary Art, 2015
- Time Present: Photography from the Deutsche Bank Collection, National Gallery of Modern Art, Sir Cowasji Jahangir Public Hall, 2015
- Time Present: Contemporary Photography from the Deutsche Bank Collection, Singapore Art Museum, 2014
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- Gerhard Richter: Printed! Druckgrafik, Foto-Editionen und Künstlerbücher, Kunstmuseum Bonn, 2004
- Gerhard Richter: Printed! Druckgrafik, Foto-Editionen und Künstlerbücher, Kunsthalle, 2005
- Gerhard Richter: Printed! Druckgrafik, Foto-Editionen und Künstlerbücher, Kunsthalle Emden, 2005
- Gerhard Richter: Printed! Druckgrafik, Foto-Editionen und Künstlerbücher, Museum der Moderne Salzburg, 2005
- Gerhard Richter: Printed! Druckgrafik, Foto-Editionen und Künstlerbücher, Kunstmuseum Luzern, 2004
The catalogue raisonné of Gerhard Richters editions 1965–2004 was published to coincide with exhibitions in Bonn, Lucerne, Emden, Tübingen and Salzburg.
Authorised by Gerhard Richter, this catalogue takes into account limited edition objects, graphics and photographs as well as oil painting editions, artists' posters and artists' books. It is an edited and extended version of an editions' catalogue raisonné published in 1993.
The text contributions analyse the idea behind the editions and their design and consider them in the context of Richter's œuvre. Thus the limited edition pieces reflect essential focus points of his painterly work: in addition to portraits, still lifes and landscapes, also monochrome and abstract works can be found within the editions, as can the result of his engagement in glass materials and the principle of chance.
Text contributions by Hubertus Butin, Stefan Gronert and Catharina Manchanda.
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- Gerhard Richter: Printed! Druckgrafik, Foto-Editionen und Künstlerbücher, Kunstmuseum Bonn, 2004
- Gerhard Richter: Printed! Druckgrafik, Foto-Editionen und Künstlerbücher, Kunsthalle Emden, 2005
- Gerhard Richter: Printed! Druckgrafik, Foto-Editionen und Künstlerbücher, Kunsthalle, 2005
- Gerhard Richter: Printed! Druckgrafik, Foto-Editionen und Künstlerbücher, Museum der Moderne Salzburg, 2005
- Gerhard Richter: Printed! Druckgrafik, Foto-Editionen und Künstlerbücher, Kunstmuseum Luzern, 2004
The catalogue raisonné of Gerhard Richters editions 1965–2004 was published to coincided with exhibitions in Bonn, Lucerne, Emden, Tübingen and Salzburg.
Authorised by Gerhard Richter, this catalogue takes into account limited edition objects, graphics and photographs as well as oil painting editions, artists' posters and artists' books. It is an edited and extended version of an editions' catalogue raisonné published in 1993.
The text contributions analyse the idea behind the editions and their design and consider them in the context of Richter's œuvre. Thus the limited edition pieces reflect essential focus points of his painterly work: in addition to portraits, still lifes and landscapes, also monochrome and abstract works can be found within the editions, as can the result of his engagement in glass materials and the principle of chance.
Text contributions by Hubertus Butin, Stefan Gronert and Catharina Manchanda.
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In this publication, eminent American scholar and curator Robert Storr offers an authoritative consideration of September, Richter’s 2005 painting made in response to the attacks on the World Trade Center of 11 September 2001, asking “what is the meaning of a single, small, almost abstract depiction of one of the most consequential occurrences in recent world history?”
Opening with a vivid personal account of being in New York that day and paying particular attention to the role of the media, Storr deftly explores the geo-political context of the attacks, capturing the effects of the atrocity on a deeply human level while navigating the complex web of political, social, religious and cultural factors that it embodied and the discourse it has provoked.
Along with an erudite analysis of the creation of the painting, Storr’s treatise develops by means of an insightful study into the themes of terrorism, murder, violence and war in Richter’s oeuvre, from the bombing of cities during World War II to the controversial cycle of paintings October 18, 1977 (1988) depicting West German terrorists, the Baader-Meinhof group.
In 2009 September was gifted to the Museum of Modern Art in New York. In making a valuable contribution to the understanding of a significant work by one of the world’s foremost artists, this publication demonstrates how vital painting and its readings can be for engaging with the complexities of major events in the world today.
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Gerhard Richter has been widely regarded as a publicity shy artist. However, the biography Gerhard Richter. A Life in Painting gives an insight into Richter’s personal history as well as into the development of his artistic œuvre.
Besides an evaluation of numerous letters and material from the Gerhard Richter archive, the book includes conversations with the artist as well as several of his contemporaries. Dietmar Elger, director of the Gerhard Richter Archive, describes Richter’s daily studio routine and his creative process. Thanks to detailed background information, this book contributes to an understanding of Richter’s art in connection with his life.
This English translation of the biography Gerhard Richter, Maler by Dietmar Elger, published in 2009, was slightly revised for the Anglophone reader.
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Corrected and extended new edition.
Gerhard Richter has been widely regarded as a publicity shy artist. However, the biography Gerhard Richter, Maler gives an insight into Richter’s personal history as well as into the development of his artistic œuvre.
Besides an evaluation of numerous letters and material from the Gerhard Richter archive, the book includes conversations with the artist as well as several of his contemporaries. Dietmar Elger, director of the Gerhard Richter Archive, describes Richter’s daily studio routine and his creative process. Thanks to detailed background information, this book contributes to an understanding of Richter’s art in connection with his life.
This edition of the biography Gerhard Richter, Maler published in 2008 was slightly revised to include details of more recent events in Richter’s life.
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Gerhard Richter. Portraits is the first publication that focuses solely on Richter’s portraits, many of which have now gained both recognition and veneration across the globe.
In his essay, Stefan Gronert discusses the position of the portrait in the artist’s oeuvre. He begins by looking at Richter’s early black and white pictures, then moving on to his more recent colour charts. The artist has explored this subject through various media, including painting, graphic reproduction, drawings, photography and film. Research conducted for this publication unearthed portraits in the artist’s archive that were hitherto unknown; now published in this monograph for the first time.
In his essay, Hubert Butin examines some of these newly discovered works; in particular focusing on Richter’s portrait photography of the 1960s.
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- Gerhard Richter: Over Schilderen, Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst (S.M.A.K.), 2017
- Gerhard Richter: Über Malen - Frühe Bilder, Kunstmuseum Bonn, 2017
- Gerhard Richter: Frühe Bilder, Museum Wiesbaden, 2018
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Series 'Schriften des Gerhard Richter Archiv Dresden ; vol. 7'
Gerhard Richter in der Dresdener Galerie is the 7th volume from the publications of the Gerhard Richter Archive Dresden.
On the occasion of the re-opening of the Albertinum in 2010 the artist himself curated two rooms of the museum. Whereas the first room is dedicated to thirteen paintings from the years 1963 to 2000, the second room presents the work 9 Upright Standing Panes [CR: 879-3], as well as the series of reverse glass paintings Aladdin [CR: 913/1-42].
Text by Dietmar Elger.
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Gerhard Richter. Portraits is the first publication that focuses solely on Richter’s portraits, many of which have now gained both recognition and veneration across the globe.
In his essay, Stefan Gronert discusses the position of the portrait in the artist’s oeuvre. He begins by looking at Richter’s early black and white pictures, then moving on to his more recent colour charts. The artist has explored this subject through various media, including painting, graphic reproduction, drawings, photography and film. Research conducted for this publication unearthed portraits in the artist’s archive that were hitherto unknown; now published in this monograph for the first time.
In his essay, Hubert Butin examines some of these newly discovered works; in particular focusing on Richter’s portrait photography of the 1960s.
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- Gerhard Richter, Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, 2005
- Gerhard Richter, K20 Grabbeplatz, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, 2005
This catalogue raisonné records Richter’s works in the years 1993-2004.
In his work, Gerhard Richter calls into question painting's boundaries, and the labels applied to painting and theories connected with them. In his pictures based on photographs - blurred overpaintings, grey paintings, and landscape and abstract compositions - he makes clear that nothing perceived by our senses can ever be found in a picture. The outer world is not portrayable and the inner one resists any comparison. While his painted works based on photographs illustrate painting's superiority, his glass works - glass panes, paintings on glass, mirrors and sculptures - question the interaction of viewer and picture and, like the paintings, offer a window onto the world. This publication takes account of all the important stages of Richter's oeuvre.
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A series of seven interviews between art curator Hans Ulrich Obrist and visual artist Gerhard Richter.
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Series 'Schriften des Gerhard Richter Archiv Dresden ; vol. 15'
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Published on the occasion of the exhibition “Vija Celmins | Gerhard Richter: Double Vision”. Hamburger Kunsthalle, Galerie der Gegenwart, 12.5. - 27.8.2023.
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Published on the occasion of the exhibition "Im Atelier Liebermann: Gerhard Richter: Atlas-Übersicht 1:2", at Stiftung Brandenburger Tor, Max-Liebermann-Haus, Berlin, from 30 October 2020 - 3 January 2021.
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This catalogue was published on the occasion of the exhibition "Gerhard Richter: Painting After All", 4 March 2020 - 5 July 2020, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York and 14 August 2020 - 19 January 2021, Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles.
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This artwork is shown or mentioned in the following videos:
3 related publications
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47. Berliner Festwochen in the Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berlin, 07.09.1997-11.01.1998