Gerhard Richter. 18. Oktober 1977
Gerhard Richter: October 18, 1977
The Institute of Contemporary Art (ICA)BostonUSA
18 January 1991 - 18 March 1991
The painting centres on the record player of Andreas Baader, a leading member of the terrorist group Red Army Faction (RAF), that featured in his cell in the prison of Stuttgart-Stammheim and in which the gun was hidden that he used to shoot himself. Record player was painted using a police photograph taken within the context of securing the crime scene[1].
From above, the viewer looks onto the device standing off-centre in a corner on the ground. The player is encompassed by cables and a power strip and offers a free view to the record on top with its bright label visible through the transparent cover.
Record player is one of the paintings of October 18, 1977 concerned specifically with the personality of Andreas Baader and his personal belongings. Both Record player and Cell [CR: 670] are sometimes seen as portraying Baader as they both refer to his personality by means of his property and counterbalance the depictions of the dead Baader in Man Shot Down 1 and 2 [CR: 669/1-2][2]. However, the record player is not depicted as being in operation, the needle rests beside the record. The silence is thus expressed visually and points even more pointedly to the absence of the owner[3] and the falling silent of the historical reports[4]. Painting in this case visualises the lack of language and sound[5]. Although the traces of his life are still present in the possessions of the dead man, and as such are portrayable, the human itself has departed irretrievably[6].
The record player in Baader’s prison cell evoked different connotations in the public awareness. On the one hand, it refers to the heated discussion about the conditions of detention of the imprisoned RAF members[7]. The detained terrorists were held in solitary confinement at first but had fought against this by going on a hunger strike that was well-covered by the media, attaining facilitations of imprisonment. These included concessions concerning the planning of their daily routine like the permission to go out to the prison courtyard and to talk privately between themselves as well personal amenities like books and music[8]. Especially the record player had become a symbol for the collective suicide of the RAF terrorists and the inability of the state to find a suitable way of dealing with the prisoners. In a hidden compartment in the shell of the record player Baader had hidden the gun he used to kill himself – both prove of how permeable the walls of the prison really were and a memento of death[9]. The device also points to the fact that electronic devices and especially the stereo equipment were converted into a radio system by the prisoners and used for unsupervised communication between the prison cells. This fact only became public knowledge after the deaths in Stammheim[10].
The original photograph was taken in colour, just like the source image for Cell [CR: 670], and it is possible to identify the record: Eric Clapton’s There’s One in Every Crowd from 1974[11]. Information like these are obscured in Richter’s painting because of the painterly treatment. The painting only pretends to be able to disclose details about Andreas Baader as a person while in reality only acting as a proxy for his personality, the arguments and conspiracy theories surrounding the case of Stammheim[12].
Richter doesn’t take sides in his cycle of works and he stresses that he was less interested in a detailed depiction of the events than a reconsideration of the issues: “What have I painted. […] – a silent, grey record player – […] I’m not so sure whether the pictures ‘ask’ anything; they provoke contradiction through their hopelessness and desolation, their lack of partisanship.“[13]
[1] Robert Storr (ed.), Gerhard Richter. October 18, 1977, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 2000, p. 106.
[2] Ortrud Westheider, “Eine Idee, die bis zum Tod geht. Der Zyklus 18. Oktober 1977“, in: Uwe M. Schneede (ed.): Gerhard Richter. Bilder einer Epoche, exh. cat. Bucerius Kunst-Forum, Munich, 2011, p. 174.
[3] Storr 2000, p. 107.
[4] Martin Henatsch, Gerhard Richter – 18. Oktober 1977. Das verwischte Bild der Geschichte, Fischer, Frankfurt, 1998, p. 79.
[5] Birgit Richard, Todesbilder. Kunst, Subkultur, Medien, Wilhelm Fink, München, 1995, p. 234.
[6] Storr 2000, p. 107.
[7] Westheider 2011, pp. 160-161.
[8] Stefan Aust, Der Baader-Meinhof-Komplex, 3rd ed., Hamburg, 2008, pp. 384-413.
[9] Westheider 2011, p. 161.
[10] Stefan Aust and Helmar Büchel, “Der letzte Akt der Rebellion” in: Der Spiegel, No. 37, 2007, p. 67-78.
[11] Storr 2000, p. 117.
[12] Achim Borchardt-Hume, “’Dreh Dich nicht um’ – Richters Bilder aus den späten 1980er-Jahren“ in: Mark Godfrey, Nicholas Serota, Dorothée Brill, Camille Morineau (ed.), Gerhard Richter. Panorama, exh. cat. Neue Nationalgalerie Berlin, Munich, 2012, p. 169.
[13] Notes for a press conference, November-December (held at Museum Haus Esters, Krefeld, February 1989), 1988 (translated by David Britt) in: Gerhard Richter. Text. Writings, Interviews and Letters 1961-2007, Thames & Hudson, London, 2009, pp. 203-204.
Notes prepared by editorial team
The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)
This artwork is based on an image included in Atlas:
This artwork was shown in the following exhibitions::
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- Gerhard Richter: 40 Years of Painting, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 2003
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In
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Notes
Reprinted in 'Presseberichte zu Gerhard Richter '18. Oktober 1977''.
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Notes
Encyclopedic new edition,which completely revises and updates the 1997 edition and includes 147 additional plates.
At 864 pages, this monumental and comprehensive publication maps the ideas, processes, life and times of Gerhard Richter. Conceived and closely edited by Richter himself, Atlas cuts straight to the heart of the artist's work, collecting more than 5,000 photographs, drawings and sketches that he has compiled or created since the moment of his creative breakthrough in 1962. The images closely parallel, year by year, the subjects of Richter's paintings, revealing the orderly but open-ended analysis that has been so central to his art. Offering invaluable insight into Richter's working process, this encyclopedic new edition - which completely revises and updates the rare, out-of-print 1997 edition and includes 147 additional plates - features 780 multi-image panels, each reproduced full page and in full color.
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2nd ed.
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With text contribution by Helmut Friedel.
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- Gerhard Richter: Panorama, Tate Modern, 2011
- Gerhard Richter: Panorama, Neue und Alte Nationalgalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, 2012
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Gerhard Richter. Images of an Era was published on the occasion of the exhibition at Bucerius Kunstforum in Hamburg in 2011. Both the exhibition and the catalogue focus on Richter’s paintings of the 1960s that are based on photographical source images. The paintings and photographs, which were predominantly taken from magazines and advertisements of the era, are confronted with each other; Richter’s selective process is illuminated and categorised here.
Letters, which Richter wrote to his artist friends Helmut Heinze and Wieland Förster, can also be read for the first time in this publication, along with photographs of Richter’s studio at the time, and give a strong impression of his work in this period.
The cycle October 18, 1977 completes the works from the 1960s since its creative process refers to the earlier works. A comprehensive examination of the source material that lead to these paintings of members of the terrorist group Red Army Faction has also been carried out.
Contributions by Ortrud Westheider, Uwe M. Schneede, Dietmar Elger, Hubertus Butin and Dietmar Rübel.
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The catalogue Gerhard Richter. Pictures / Series accompanies Gerhard Richter’s exhibition at the Fondation Beyeler. The show is curated by Hans Ulrich Obrist, a longstanding friend of Richter, and looks back at 60 years of the artist’s work. The exhibition focuses on work he created since the 1960s; namely, series, cycles and interior spaces. According to Obrist, too little attention has been devoted to this specific section of his oeuvre to date. Works exhibited in groups are juxtaposed with single pieces, which act as both counterpoints characteristic of Richter’s style, yet simultaneously illuminate the similarities between the different bodies of work.
Besides illustrations of the exhibited paintings, the catalogue also includes texts contributed by Sam Keller, Hans Ulrich Obrist and Dieter Schwarz. The essays by Obrist and Schwarz primarily analyse Richter’s series. An interview between the curator and Richter reveals the background of the development of the series. Furthermore, the catalogue includes a letter by George Didi-Huberman, who shares his thoughts after a visit to the artist’s studio.
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An additional German translation of Robert Storr's essay accompanies this publication published on the occasion of an exhibition "Gerhard Richter. October 18, 1977" at the Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Exhibitions
On October 18, 1977, three young German radicals, members of the militant Baader-Meinhof group, were found dead in a Stuttgart prison; they were pronounced suicides, but many people suspected they had been murdered. Gerhard Richter, a German painter, and one of the most exceptional and highly regarded artists of the second half of the 20th century, created, 11 years after this traumatic event, a series of 15 paintings known as October 18, 1977. It is among the most challenging works of the artist's career, and one of the 20th century's most famous works on a political theme, still highly debated and unsettling to this day.
Accompanied by an extensive and sensitive group of texts by Robert Storr, who recently curated the Richter retrospective at The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
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The catalogue Gerhard Richter. Übersicht accompanies the eponymous exhibition of the German Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen (IfA), which has been composed by Gerhard Richter himself.
The exhibition has been touring different countries for several years and presents Richter's œuvre abroad. The 27 selected works offer an insight into nearly every creative phase of the artist. The exhibition does not claim to show Richter's work comprehensively, the title rather refers to the exhibited piece of work Overview [Editions CR: 93] of 1998.
With a preface by Götz Adriani and text contributions by Dieter Schwarz.
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Exhibitions
- Gerhard Richter: Sinopse, Museu de Arte do Rio Grande do Sul Ado Malagoli, 2011
- Gerhard Richter: Sinopsis, Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango del Banco de la República, 2012
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopsis, Museo de Arte de Lima (MALI), 2012
- Gerhard Richter. Übersicht, Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen e.V. (ifa), 2000
- Gerhard Richter. Survey, Listasafn Islands (National Gallery of Iceland), 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Arken Museum of Modern Art, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Silapakorn University Art Gallery, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, National Art Gallery, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, I See Imaging Center, 2002
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Soemardja Gallery, 2002
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, RMIT-Gallery, 2002
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Sydney Institute, 2002
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, City Gallery, 2002
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Tokushima Prefectural Museum, 2003
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Tokyo Wonder Site, 2003
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Daelim Museum, 2003
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Creation Art Gallery, 2004
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, National Art Museum, 2004
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, 2004
- Gerhard Richter: Survey / Gerhard Richter: Atlas, Centre for Contemporary Art, Ujazdowski Castle, 2004
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Muncipal Gallery, 2004
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, House of Art, 2005
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Office for Art Exhibitions, 2005
- Gerhard Richter. Áttekintés, Ludwig Múzeum, 2005
- Gerhard Richter. Katsaus, Sara Hildén Art Museum, 2005
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Laznia Centre for Contemporary Art, 2005
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Kaliningrad State Art Gallery, 2006
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, The State Museum of City Sculpture, 2006
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, National Centre of Contemporary Art, 2006
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Museum of Russian Art, 2006
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Art Gallery of Uzbekistan, 2007
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Tbilisi History Museum, 2007
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Lewis Glucksman Gallery, 2007
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Umjetnički Paviljon u Zagrebu (Art Pavillon), 2007
- Gerhard Richter: Retrospektivni pregled, Galerija likovnih umjetnosti (Gallery of Fine Arts), 2007
- Gerhard Richter. Apžvalga, Contemporary Art Center, 2008
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Kumu Art Museum, 2008
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopsis, Espacio Contemporáneo de Arte (ECA), 2009
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopsis, Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes Dr. Genaro Pérez, 2009
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopsis, Centro Cultural José Amadeo Conte Grand, 2009
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopsis, Centro Cultural Parque de Espana, 2009
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopsis, Museo Nacional de Arte, 2009
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopsis, Museo de Artes Visuales (MAVI), 2009
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopsis, Museo Nacional de Artes Visuales, 2010
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopsis, Museo Nacional de Arte Decorativo, 2010
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopse, Casa Andrade Muricy, 2010
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopse, Caixa Cultural Salvador, 2011
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopse, Caixa Cultural Brasilia, 2011
- Gerhard Richter: Sinopsis, Centro de las Artes, 2013
- Gerhard Richter. Sinopsis, Museo de la Ciudad, 2012
- Gerhard Richter: Sinopse, Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo, 2011
The catalogue Gerhard Richter. Survey accompanies the eponymous exhibition of the German Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen (IfA), which has been composed by Gerhard Richter himself.
The exhibition has been touring different countries for several years and presents Richter's œuvre abroad. The 27 selected works offer an insight into nearly every creative phase of the artist. The exhibition does not claim to show Richter's work comprehensively, the title rather refers to the exhibited piece of work Overview [Editions CR: 93] of 1998.
With a preface by Götz Adriani and text contributions by Dieter Schwarz.
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- Time Present: Photography from the Deutsche Bank Collection, Hara Museum of Contemporary Art, 2015
- Time Present: Contemporary Photography from the Deutsche Bank Collection, Singapore Art Museum, 2014
- Time Present: Photography from the Deutsche Bank Collection, National Gallery of Modern Art, Sir Cowasji Jahangir Public Hall, 2015
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- Time Present: Photography from the Deutsche Bank Collection, Hara Museum of Contemporary Art, 2015
- Time Present: Photography from the Deutsche Bank Collection, National Gallery of Modern Art, Sir Cowasji Jahangir Public Hall, 2015
- Time Present: Contemporary Photography from the Deutsche Bank Collection, Singapore Art Museum, 2014
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- Gerhard Richter: Printed! Druckgrafik, Foto-Editionen und Künstlerbücher, Kunstmuseum Bonn, 2004
- Gerhard Richter: Printed! Druckgrafik, Foto-Editionen und Künstlerbücher, Kunsthalle, 2005
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- Gerhard Richter: Printed! Druckgrafik, Foto-Editionen und Künstlerbücher, Museum der Moderne Salzburg, 2005
- Gerhard Richter: Printed! Druckgrafik, Foto-Editionen und Künstlerbücher, Kunstmuseum Luzern, 2004
The catalogue raisonné of Gerhard Richters editions 1965–2004 was published to coincide with exhibitions in Bonn, Lucerne, Emden, Tübingen and Salzburg.
Authorised by Gerhard Richter, this catalogue takes into account limited edition objects, graphics and photographs as well as oil painting editions, artists' posters and artists' books. It is an edited and extended version of an editions' catalogue raisonné published in 1993.
The text contributions analyse the idea behind the editions and their design and consider them in the context of Richter's œuvre. Thus the limited edition pieces reflect essential focus points of his painterly work: in addition to portraits, still lifes and landscapes, also monochrome and abstract works can be found within the editions, as can the result of his engagement in glass materials and the principle of chance.
Text contributions by Hubertus Butin, Stefan Gronert and Catharina Manchanda.
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- Gerhard Richter: Printed! Druckgrafik, Foto-Editionen und Künstlerbücher, Kunstmuseum Bonn, 2004
- Gerhard Richter: Printed! Druckgrafik, Foto-Editionen und Künstlerbücher, Kunsthalle Emden, 2005
- Gerhard Richter: Printed! Druckgrafik, Foto-Editionen und Künstlerbücher, Kunsthalle, 2005
- Gerhard Richter: Printed! Druckgrafik, Foto-Editionen und Künstlerbücher, Museum der Moderne Salzburg, 2005
- Gerhard Richter: Printed! Druckgrafik, Foto-Editionen und Künstlerbücher, Kunstmuseum Luzern, 2004
The catalogue raisonné of Gerhard Richters editions 1965–2004 was published to coincided with exhibitions in Bonn, Lucerne, Emden, Tübingen and Salzburg.
Authorised by Gerhard Richter, this catalogue takes into account limited edition objects, graphics and photographs as well as oil painting editions, artists' posters and artists' books. It is an edited and extended version of an editions' catalogue raisonné published in 1993.
The text contributions analyse the idea behind the editions and their design and consider them in the context of Richter's œuvre. Thus the limited edition pieces reflect essential focus points of his painterly work: in addition to portraits, still lifes and landscapes, also monochrome and abstract works can be found within the editions, as can the result of his engagement in glass materials and the principle of chance.
Text contributions by Hubertus Butin, Stefan Gronert and Catharina Manchanda.
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In this publication, eminent American scholar and curator Robert Storr offers an authoritative consideration of September, Richter’s 2005 painting made in response to the attacks on the World Trade Center of 11 September 2001, asking “what is the meaning of a single, small, almost abstract depiction of one of the most consequential occurrences in recent world history?”
Opening with a vivid personal account of being in New York that day and paying particular attention to the role of the media, Storr deftly explores the geo-political context of the attacks, capturing the effects of the atrocity on a deeply human level while navigating the complex web of political, social, religious and cultural factors that it embodied and the discourse it has provoked.
Along with an erudite analysis of the creation of the painting, Storr’s treatise develops by means of an insightful study into the themes of terrorism, murder, violence and war in Richter’s oeuvre, from the bombing of cities during World War II to the controversial cycle of paintings October 18, 1977 (1988) depicting West German terrorists, the Baader-Meinhof group.
In 2009 September was gifted to the Museum of Modern Art in New York. In making a valuable contribution to the understanding of a significant work by one of the world’s foremost artists, this publication demonstrates how vital painting and its readings can be for engaging with the complexities of major events in the world today.
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Gerhard Richter has been widely regarded as a publicity shy artist. However, the biography Gerhard Richter. A Life in Painting gives an insight into Richter’s personal history as well as into the development of his artistic œuvre.
Besides an evaluation of numerous letters and material from the Gerhard Richter archive, the book includes conversations with the artist as well as several of his contemporaries. Dietmar Elger, director of the Gerhard Richter Archive, describes Richter’s daily studio routine and his creative process. Thanks to detailed background information, this book contributes to an understanding of Richter’s art in connection with his life.
This English translation of the biography Gerhard Richter, Maler by Dietmar Elger, published in 2009, was slightly revised for the Anglophone reader.
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Corrected and extended new edition.
Gerhard Richter has been widely regarded as a publicity shy artist. However, the biography Gerhard Richter, Maler gives an insight into Richter’s personal history as well as into the development of his artistic œuvre.
Besides an evaluation of numerous letters and material from the Gerhard Richter archive, the book includes conversations with the artist as well as several of his contemporaries. Dietmar Elger, director of the Gerhard Richter Archive, describes Richter’s daily studio routine and his creative process. Thanks to detailed background information, this book contributes to an understanding of Richter’s art in connection with his life.
This edition of the biography Gerhard Richter, Maler published in 2008 was slightly revised to include details of more recent events in Richter’s life.
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Gerhard Richter. Portraits is the first publication that focuses solely on Richter’s portraits, many of which have now gained both recognition and veneration across the globe.
In his essay, Stefan Gronert discusses the position of the portrait in the artist’s oeuvre. He begins by looking at Richter’s early black and white pictures, then moving on to his more recent colour charts. The artist has explored this subject through various media, including painting, graphic reproduction, drawings, photography and film. Research conducted for this publication unearthed portraits in the artist’s archive that were hitherto unknown; now published in this monograph for the first time.
In his essay, Hubert Butin examines some of these newly discovered works; in particular focusing on Richter’s portrait photography of the 1960s.
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- Gerhard Richter: Over Schilderen, Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst (S.M.A.K.), 2017
- Gerhard Richter: Frühe Bilder, Museum Wiesbaden, 2018
- Gerhard Richter: Über Malen - Frühe Bilder, Kunstmuseum Bonn, 2017
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Series 'Schriften des Gerhard Richter Archiv Dresden ; vol. 7'
Gerhard Richter in der Dresdener Galerie is the 7th volume from the publications of the Gerhard Richter Archive Dresden.
On the occasion of the re-opening of the Albertinum in 2010 the artist himself curated two rooms of the museum. Whereas the first room is dedicated to thirteen paintings from the years 1963 to 2000, the second room presents the work 9 Upright Standing Panes [CR: 879-3], as well as the series of reverse glass paintings Aladdin [CR: 913/1-42].
Text by Dietmar Elger.
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Gerhard Richter. Portraits is the first publication that focuses solely on Richter’s portraits, many of which have now gained both recognition and veneration across the globe.
In his essay, Stefan Gronert discusses the position of the portrait in the artist’s oeuvre. He begins by looking at Richter’s early black and white pictures, then moving on to his more recent colour charts. The artist has explored this subject through various media, including painting, graphic reproduction, drawings, photography and film. Research conducted for this publication unearthed portraits in the artist’s archive that were hitherto unknown; now published in this monograph for the first time.
In his essay, Hubert Butin examines some of these newly discovered works; in particular focusing on Richter’s portrait photography of the 1960s.
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- Gerhard Richter, Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, 2005
- Gerhard Richter, K20 Grabbeplatz, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, 2005
This catalogue raisonné records Richter’s works in the years 1993-2004.
In his work, Gerhard Richter calls into question painting's boundaries, and the labels applied to painting and theories connected with them. In his pictures based on photographs - blurred overpaintings, grey paintings, and landscape and abstract compositions - he makes clear that nothing perceived by our senses can ever be found in a picture. The outer world is not portrayable and the inner one resists any comparison. While his painted works based on photographs illustrate painting's superiority, his glass works - glass panes, paintings on glass, mirrors and sculptures - question the interaction of viewer and picture and, like the paintings, offer a window onto the world. This publication takes account of all the important stages of Richter's oeuvre.
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A series of seven interviews between art curator Hans Ulrich Obrist and visual artist Gerhard Richter.
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Series 'Schriften des Gerhard Richter Archiv Dresden ; vol. 15'
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Published on the occasion of the exhibition “Vija Celmins | Gerhard Richter: Double Vision”. Hamburger Kunsthalle, Galerie der Gegenwart, 12.5. - 27.8.2023.
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Published on the occasion of the exhibition "Im Atelier Liebermann: Gerhard Richter: Atlas-Übersicht 1:2", at Stiftung Brandenburger Tor, Max-Liebermann-Haus, Berlin, from 30 October 2020 - 3 January 2021.
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This catalogue was published on the occasion of the exhibition "Gerhard Richter: Painting After All", 4 March 2020 - 5 July 2020, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York and 14 August 2020 - 19 January 2021, Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles.
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This artwork is shown or mentioned in the following videos:
3 Exhibitions
1 related publications
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- Gerhard Richter: October 18, 1977 , 1989
- Gerhard Richter: October 18, 1977 , 1989
- Gerhard Richter: October 18, 1977 , 1989
- Gerhard Richter: October 18, 1977 , 1989