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48 Portraits (Björnstjerne Björnson)
48 Portraits (Björnstjerne Björnson)
1971/72 70 cm x 55 cm Catalogue Raisonné: 324-36
Oil on canvas
Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson (1832 - 1910) was a Norwegian poet, playwright and Nobel Prize laureate in Literature. He was a director of the Norwegian theatre in Bergen and head of the theatre in Oslo. He also wrote the Norwegian national anthem and was the founding father of the Riksmålsforbundet, an association campaigning for the standard of written Norwegian.
Gerhard Richter painted 48 Portraits for the German pavilion of the 1972 Venice Biennale. He created 48 individual portraits of historical figures for the exhibition space of the pavilion: writers, scientists, composers and philosophers can be found, whereas politicians and artists are not represented. Franz Kafka, Thomas Mann, Albert Einstein and Oscar Wilde are among the most famous, alongside some less-known individuals.
The 48 Portraits depict solely white central European and American males, born between 1824 and 1904. Richter selected them from 270 portrait photographs that he had taken from encyclopaedias and lexicons and collected in his Atlas [Sheets: 30–41].
The paintings were directly based on the source images from Atlas. The choice of a standardised format (70 x 55 cm) and source images similar in form underline the uniformity of the paintings. The realisation in greyscale as well as the soft rendering of the faces that show only few wrinkles or unevenness, make the pictures appear as homogeneous entity.
48 Portraits have often been interpreted in relation to Richter's personal history and beliefs. However, the individuality of the depicted people seems to have limited significance because the artist homogenised their features during the process of painting. 'I am interested in the speechless language of these pictures. Heads, even if they are full of literature and philosophy, become quite unliterary. Literature is invalidated; the personalities become anonymous. That's what is important to me here.'1
The German pavilion at the Venice Biennale was reconstructed in 1938 and therefore reflects the architecture of National Socialist Germany. In the framework of this unadorned monumental architecture, the choice of the portrait genre evokes associations of portraits of political leaders. In opposition to this, Richter creates a multiplicity of portraits omitting the depictions of politicians. Hence the architecture and the work 48 Portraits could be seen as complementing one another.
The fact that no women were included in the series of portraits lead to speculations. In retrospect, Richter explained the circumstances as follows: 'And as I mentioned, you also have the psychological or subjective timeliness of the father problem. This affects all of society. I am not talking about myself because that would be rather uninteresting, but the absence of the father is a typical German problem. That is the reason for such agitation; that is why this work has such a disquieting effect.'2
The work 48 Portraits does not allow conclusions to be drawn whether Richter had any personal appreciation toward certain persons: '(…) I didn't want to intimate any specific ideology or theme. I wanted pure pictures that wouldn't be subject to ideological interpretation' stated Gerhard Richter.3 However, the work needs to be regarded in relation to its time of origin and the space it was created for. It is therefore inevitably interwoven with the artist's own history.
Notes prepared by editorial team
1 Conversation with Mathias Schreiber, 1972 in: Gerhard Richter: Text. Writings, Interviews and Letters, 1961–2007, Thames & Hudson, London, 2009, p. 63
2 MoMA Interview with Robert Storr, 2002 in: Gerhard Richter: Text. Writings, Interviews and Letters, 1961–2007, Thames & Hudson, London, 2009, p. 422.
3 Conversation with Mathias Schreiber, 1972, p. 63
Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Germany
This artwork is based on an image included in Atlas:
This Atlas sheet includes the source images of the following works:
This artwork was shown in the following exhibitions:
This artwork is included in the following publications:
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- Gerhard Richter: New Paintings, Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Germany, 2017
- Gerhard Richter: Neue Bilder, Albertinum, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Dresden, Germany, 2017
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The catalogue Gerhard Richter. Bilder / Serien accompanies Gerhard Richter’s eponymous exhibition at the Fondation Beyeler. The show is curated by Hans Ulrich Obrist, a longstanding friend of Richter
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The catalogue Gerhard Richter. Pictures / Series accompanies Gerhard Richter’s exhibition at the Fondation Beyeler. The show is curated by Hans Ulrich Obrist, a longstanding friend of Richter
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The publication Gerhard Richter. Editions 1965 – 2013 updates the catalogue raisonné of his editions that was published ten years earlier. This book includes additionally 35 new and hitherto unknown works
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The publication Gerhard Richter. Editionen 1965 – 2013 updates the catalogue raisonné of his editions that was published ten years earlier. This book includes additionally 35 new and hitherto unknown works
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- Gerhard Richter: Strips and Glass, Kunstmuseum Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland, 2013
- Gerhard Richter. Strips and Glass, Galerie Neue Meister, Albertinum, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Dresden, Germany, 2013
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Gerhard Richter. Rot, Gelb, Blau by Helmut Friedel analyses and contextualises the paintings Red, Yellow and Blue [CR: 345/1-3] commissioned by BMW for their Munich headquarters, within the context of Richter’s œuvre.
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Gerhard Richter. Bilder einer Epoche was published on the occasion of the exhibition at Bucerius Kunstforum in Hamburg in 2011. Both the exhibition and the catalogue focus on Richter’s paintings of the 1960s
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2nd ed.
The catalogue Gerhard Richter. Atlas displays 783 plates of Gerhard Richter’s Atlas. Atlas is a collection of photographs, newspaper cuttings and sketches, which the artist compiled and then arranged on single sheets
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- Gerhard Richter: Panorama, Tate Modern, London, UK, 2011
- Gerhard Richter: Panorama, Neue und Alte Nationalgalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 2011
- Gerhard Richter: Panorama, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France, 2011
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Gerhard Richter. Images of an Era was published on the occasion of the exhibition at Bucerius Kunstforum in Hamburg in 2011. Both the exhibition and the catalogue focus on Richter’s paintings of the 1960s
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The catalogue of the exhibition Gerhard Richter. Portraits at the National Portrait Gallery, London in 2009 focuses on Richter's portraiture.
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The catalogue of the exhibition Gerhard Richter. Portraits at the National Portrait Gallery, London in 2009 focuses on Richter's portraiture.
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This issue of the Patrimonia series was published on the occasion of the acquisition of the painting Portrait Dr. Knobloch of 1964 by Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden in 2009.
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Gerhard Richter has been widely regarded as a publicity shy artist. However, the biography Gerhard Richter. A Life in Painting gives an insight into Richter’s personal history as well as into the development of his artistic œuvre.
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Robert Storr considers the importance of the Cage paintings within Richter’s practice and within the wider context of abstract art. A series of extraordinary, detailed photographs document the development of each painting
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Corrected and extended new edition.
Gerhard Richter has been widely regarded as a publicity shy artist. However, the biography Gerhard Richter, Maler gives an insight into Richter’s personal history as well as into the development of his artistic œuvre.
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- 50th Venice Biennale: Painting 1964–2003: From Rauschenberg to Murakami, Museo Correr, Venice, Italy, 2007
- 52nd Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy, 2007
- 47th Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy, 2007
- 41st Venice Biennale, Giardini, Venice, Italy, 2007
- 49th Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy, 2007
- 39th Venice Biennale, Giardini di Castello, Venice, Italy, 2007
- 38th Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy, 2007
- 36th Venice Biennale, German Pavilion, Venice, Italy, 2007
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Encyclopedic new edition that completely revises and updates the 1997 edition and includes 147 additional plates.
At 864 pages, this monumental and comprehensive publication maps the ideas, processes, life and times of Gerhard Richter. Conceived and closely edited by Richter himself, Atlas cuts straight to the heart of the artist's work
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Encyclopedic new edition,which completely revises and updates the 1997 edition and includes 147 additional plates.
At 864 pages, this monumental and comprehensive publication maps the ideas, processes, life and times of Gerhard Richter. Conceived and closely edited by Richter himself, Atlas cuts straight to the heart of the artist's work
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Gerhard Richter. Portraits is the first publication that focuses solely on Richter’s portraits, many of which have now gained both recognition and veneration across the globe.
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Gerhard Richter is widely recognized as one of the most significant painters working today, and he is certainly among the most influential. He has worked in a wide range of media since the early 1960s,
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Thesis (Ph.D.). - Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, 2001
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- Gerhard Richter: 40 Years of Painting, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington D.C., USA, 2002
- Gerhard Richter: 40 Years of Painting, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), San Francisco, USA, 2002
- Gerhard Richter: 40 Years of Painting, The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, USA, 2002
- Gerhard Richter: 40 Years of Painting, The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York, USA, 2002
Published on the occasion of the exhibition Gerhard Richter. 40 Years of Painting at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, this publication represents a broad range of Gerhard Richter's paintings of the last 40 years.
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- Gerhard Richter: 40 Years of Painting, The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York, USA, 2002
- Gerhard Richter: 40 Years of Painting, The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, USA, 2002
- Gerhard Richter: 40 Years of Painting, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), San Francisco, USA, 2002
- Gerhard Richter: 40 Years of Painting, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington D.C., USA, 2002
Published on the occasion of the exhibition Gerhard Richter. 40 Years of Painting at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, this publication represents a broad range of Gerhard Richter's paintings of the last 40 years.
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Gerhard Richter has been widely regarded as a publicity shy artist. However, the biography Gerhard Richter, Maler gives an insight into Richter’s personal history as well as into the development of his artistic œuvre.
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- Gerhard Richter: 40 Years of Painting, The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York, USA, 2002
- Gerhard Richter: 40 Years of Painting, The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, USA, 2002
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- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Museu de Arte do Rio Grande do Sul Ado Malagoli, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango del Banco de la República, Bogotá, Colombia, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Museo de Arte de Lima (MALI), Lima, Peru, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen e.V. (ifa), Stuttgart, Germany, 2001
- Gerhard Richter. Survey, Listasafn Islands (National Gallery of Iceland), Reykjavík, Iceland, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Arken Museum of Modern Art, Ishøj, Denmark, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Silapakorn University Art Gallery, Bangkok, Thailand, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, National Art Gallery, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, I See Imaging Center, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Soemardja Gallery, Bandung, Indonesia, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, RMIT-Gallery, Melbourne, Australia, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Sydney Institute, Sydney, Australia, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, City Gallery, Wellington, New Zealand, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Tokushima Prefectural Museum, Tokushima, Japan, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Tokyo Wonder Site, Tokyo, Japan, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Daelim Museum, Seoul, South Korea, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Creation Art Gallery, Beijing, China, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, National Art Museum, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, Tehran, Iran, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Gerhard Richter: Atlas, Centre for Contemporary Art, Ujazdowski Castle, Warsaw, Poland, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Muncipal Gallery, Bratislava, Slovakia, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, House of Art, Brno, Czech Republic, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Office for Art Exhibitions, Katowice, Poland, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Ludwig Múzeum, Budapest, Hungary, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Sara Hildén Art Museum, Tampere, Finland, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Laznia Centre for Contemporary Art, Gdansk, Poland, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Kaliningrad State Art Gallery, Kaliningrad, Russia, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, The State Museum of City Sculpture, St. Petersburg, Russia, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, National Centre of Contemporary Art, Moscow, Russia, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Museum of Russian Art, Kiev, Ukraine, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Art Gallery of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Tbilisi History Museum, Tbilisi, Georgia, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Lewis Glucksman Gallery, Cork, Ireland, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Umjetnički Paviljon u Zagrebu (Art Pavillon), Zagreb, Croatia, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Galerija likovnih umjetnosti (Gallery of Fine Arts), Osijek, Croatia, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Contemporary Art Center, Vilnius, Lithuania, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Kumu Art Museum, Tallinn, Estonia, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Espacio Contemporáneo de Arte (ECA), Mendoza, Argentina, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes Dr. Genaro Pérez, Córdoba, Argentina, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Centro Cultural José Amadeo Conte Grand, San Juan, Argentina, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Centro Cultural Parque de Espana, Rosario, Argentina, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Museo Nacional de Arte, La Paz, Bolivia, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Museo de Artes Visuales (MAVI), Santiago, Chile, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Museo Nacional de Artes Visuales, Montevideo, Uruguay, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Museo Nacional de Arte Decorativo, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Casa Andrade Muricy, Curitiba, Brazil, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Caixa Cultural Salvador, Salvador, Brazil, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Caixa Cultural Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Centro de las Artes, San Luis Potosí, Mexico, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Survey, Museo de la Ciudad, Quito, Ecuador, 2001
The catalogue Gerhard Richter. Survey accompanies the eponymous exhibition of the German Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen (IfA), which has been composed by Gerhard Richter himself.
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- Gerhard Richter: Atlas, Ōita City Art Museum, Ōita, Japan, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Atlas, Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary Art, Hiroshima, Japan, 2001
- Gerhard Richter: Atlas, Kawamura Memorial DIC Museum of Art, Sakura-shi, Japan, 2001
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An additional German translation of Robert Storr's essay accompanies this publication published on the occasion of an exhibition "Gerhard Richter. October 18, 1977" at the Museum of Modern Art, New York.
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On October 18, 1977, three young German radicals, members of the militant Baader-Meinhof group, were found dead in a Stuttgart prison; they were pronounced suicides, but many people suspected they had been murdered.
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The catalogue Gerhard Richter. Übersicht accompanies the eponymous exhibition of the German Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen (IfA), which has been composed by Gerhard Richter himself.
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Thesis (Ph.D.). - Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 1996
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47. Berliner Festwochen in the Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berlin, 07.09.1997-11.01.1998
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- Gerhard Richter: Painting, Musée d'art moderne de la Ville de Paris, Paris, France, 1994
- Gerhard Richter: Painting 1962–1993, Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Bonn, Germany, 1994
- Gerhard Richter, Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, Spain, 1994
- Gerhard Richter, Moderna Museet, Stockholm, Sweden, 1994
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- Gerhard Richter: Atlas of Photographs, Collages and Sketches, Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, Munich, Germany, 1989
- Gerhard Richter: Atlas of Photographs, Collages and Sketches, Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Germany, 1989
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- Gerhard Richter: Atlas of Photographs, Collages and Sketches, Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, Munich, Germany, 1989
- Gerhard Richter: Atlas of Photographs, Collages and Sketches, Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Germany, 1989
The catalogue Gerhard Richter. Atlas was published on the occasion of the exhibition Gerhard Richter. Atlas der Fotos, Collagen und Skizzen in Städtische Galerie in the Lenbachhaus, München.
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- Gerhard Richter: Paintings, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), San Francisco, USA, 1988
- Gerhard Richter: Paintings, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington D.C., USA, 1988
- Gerhard Richter: Paintings, Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, Chicago, USA, 1988
- Gerhard Richter: Paintings, Art Gallery of Ontario (AGO), Toronto, Canada, 1988
Exhibition catalogue by Roald Nasgaard, with an essay by I. Michael Danoff, and an interview with Gerhard Richter by Benjamin H. D. Buchloh, edited by Terry A. Neff.
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- Ludwig Collection, Musée Saint-Pierre art contemporain, Lyon, France, 1987
- New German Painting from the Ludwig Collection, Aachen, Musée d'art moderne de Villeneuve d'Ascq, Lille/Villeneuve d'Ascq, France, 1987
- New German Painting from the Ludwig Collection, Aachen, Musée de Beaux-Arts de Nantes, Nantes, France, 1987
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- Gerhard Richter: Paintings 1962–1985, Museum moderner Kunst/Museum des 20. Jahrhunderts, Vienna, Austria, 1986
- Gerhard Richter: Paintings 1962–1985, Städtische Kunsthalle Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany, 1986
- Gerhard Richter: Paintings 1962–1985, Nationalgalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 1986
- Gerhard Richter: Paintings 1963–1986, Kunsthalle Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 1986
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Thesis (Ph.D.). - Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 1986
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Monographien zur rheinisch-westfälischen Kunst der Gegenwart, Volume 50.
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Published in two volumes: Grafik des Kapitalistischen Realismus 1: Werkverzeichnisse bis 1971 Grafik des Kapitalistischen Realismus 2: Werkverzeichnisse der Druckgrafik, September 1971 - May 1976
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The catalogue was published on the occasion of the exhibition Kunst aus Fotografie. Was machen Künstler heute mit Fotgrafie? Montagen, Übermalungen, Gemälde, Dokumente, Fotobilder that was held at Kunstverein Hannover in 1973.
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Issue of: Louisiana Revy 1973, 13(3)
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